A basic principle of interpersonal attraction is the rule of similarity: similarity is attractive — an underlying principle that applies to both friendships and romantic relationships. One reason derives from the equity theory: if a person in the relationship feels that the personal costs of being in the relationship outweigh the rewards there is a strong chance that this person will end the relationship. [citation needed], The propinquity effect relies on the observation that: "The more we see and interact with a person, the more likely he or she is to become our friend or sexual partner." Recent studies show that relationships formed over the Internet resemble those developed face-to-face, in terms of perceived quality and depth. [23] Similarly, Zuckerman, Miyake and Hodgins (1991) found that both vocal and physical attractiveness contributed significantly to observers' ratings of targets for general attractiveness. [41], Active assortment refers to direct effects on choosing someone similar to oneself in mating preferences. Results further suggest inherent mate-selective mechanisms that consider costs of inbreeding to offspring health.[56]. In a second part of the same study, these results were replicated in a larger sample of students for both genders (62 subjects, 20 males and 42 females with 16 target students, 8 males and 8 females). Privacy Policy - Terms of Service. Specifically, low self-esteem individuals appeared more likely to desire a complementary relationship than high self-esteem people. Interpersonal attraction as a part of social psychology is the study of the attraction between people which leads to the development of platonic or romantic relationships. different individuals have different mate preferences) and consensual (i.e. This similarity is in the broadest sense: similarity in bone-structure, characteristics, life goals and physical appearance. When the women in the study believed that the ideal man was in a relationship already, then 90% of the study group was interested in a romantic relationship. Perception and actual behavior might not be congruent with each other. Propinquity is taken from the Latin word that translates into “nearness” in modern language. [citation needed], The study of the attraction between people that leads to friendship or romance, Increased female attraction to men in relationships, "Satisfaction in interpersonal interactions as a function of similarity in level of dysphoria", "Narcissism guides mate selection: Humans mate assortatively, as revealed by facial resemblance, following an algorithm of "self seeking like, "Perceived, not actual, similarity predicts initial attraction in a live romantic context: Evidence from the speed-dating paradigm", "Physical attractiveness and dating choice: A test of the matching hypothesis", "Computer graphic studies of the role of facial similarity in judgements of attractiveness", "Assortative mating for perceived facial personality traits", "Gender Differences in Mate Selection: Evidence from a Speed Dating Experiment", "Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Revisited: Do People Know What They Initially Desire in a Romantic Partner? A 2009 study by Melissa Burkley and Jessica Parker found that 59% of women tested were interested in pursuing a relationship with an "ideal" single man (who was, unknown to the women, fictitious). This effect can be attributed to the fact that when time passes by couples become more alike through shared experiences, or that couples that are alike stay together longer. [38][39] Similarity also promotes relationship commitment. This theory has been criticized[by whom?] A major determinant of attraction is propinquity, or physical proximity. [42] A clear illustration is in a 1992 study: the researchers had four women of similar appearance attend a large college course over a semester such that each woman attended a different number of sessions (0, 5, 10, or 15). Many factors leading to interpersonal attraction have been studied. It is a process of relationship development which is separate from factors such as physical attractiveness. Similarity seems to carry considerable weight in initial attraction, while complementarity assumes importance as the relationship develops over time. The more these points match, the happier, satisfied and prosperous people are in these relationships. Students then rated the women for perceived familiarity, attractiveness and similarity at the end of the term. [1] It is a scale in which a subject rates another person on factors such as intelligence, knowledge of current events, morality, adjustment, likability, and desirability as a work partner. [24] These results suggest that when people evaluate one's voice as attractive, they also tend to evaluate that person as attractive. All material within this site is the property of AlleyDog.com. The evolutionary theory of human interpersonal attraction states that opposite-sex attraction most often occurs when someone has physical features indicating that he or she is very fertile. [12], In a 1988 study, Lydon, Jamieson & Zanna suggest that interpersonal similarity and attraction are multidimensional constructs in which people are attracted to people similar to themselves in demographics, physical appearance, attitudes, interpersonal style, social and cultural background, personality, preferred interests and activities, and communication and social skills. [10] The perceived similarity is either self-serving, as in a friendship, or relationship-serving, as in a romantic relationship. It is a process of relationship development which is separate from factors such as physical attractiveness. [17] DeBruine (2002) demonstrated in her research how subjects entrusted more money to their opponents in a game play, when the opponents were presented as similar to them. With that knowledge, we can then make smarter decisions about how close we get to some people. This applies equally to both objects and people. People's tendency to consider people with facial symmetry more attractive than those with less symmetrical faces is one example. [49][page needed], Principles of similarity and complementarity seem to be contradictory on the surface. [1], There are many factors that lead to interpersonal attraction. [2] The most frequently studied include physical attractiveness, propinquity (frequency of interaction), familiarity, similarity, complementarity, reciprocal liking, and reinforcement. It can be viewed as a force acting between two people that tends to draw them together and to resist their separation. Social exchange theory states that how people feel and how satisfied they are in a relationship depends on their understandings of the benefits and the costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they believe they deserve or expect to have (Comparison Level), and their chances of having a more fulfilling relationship with a different person (The comparison level of alternatives) (What are the Factors that Underlie Interpersonal Attraction? [15] Another study also found evidence that supported the matching hypothesis: photos of dating and engaged couples were rated in terms of attractiveness, and a definite tendency was found for couples of similar attractiveness to date or engage. When that stimulus is a person, deeper connections begin to form over time. [52], The importance of similarity and complementarity may depend on the stage of the relationship. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION: " Interpersonal relationships deals with how we like or dislike … It is suggested that to determine attraction, both the personalities and the situation must be taken into account. [40], Social homogamy refers to "passive, indirect effects on spousal similarity". Both personal characteristics and environment play a role in interpersonal attraction. The concepts of idiosyncratic (i.e. [55], It has also been suggested that people are attracted to faces similar to their own as these features serve as cues of kinship. There are many factors that can influence interpersonal attraction. Both principles state that friendly people would prefer friendly partners. Studies suggest that all factors involve social reinforcement. Study on heterosexual dating couples found that similarity in intrinsic values of the couple was linked to relationship commitment and stability. For example, a study by DeBruine et al. In 2009, a study at Oklahoma State University interviewed women about the possibility of pursuing a relationship with a man. People who are familiar with one another are naturally attracted to each other. [25][26] Miller (1972) pointed out that attitude similarity activates the perceived attractiveness and favorability information from each other, whereas dissimilarity would reduce the impact of these cues. a consensus of preference on some prospective mates to others) in mate preference. However, a test was conducted that found that perfectly symmetrical faces were less attractive than normal faces. [27], The studies by Jamieson, Lydon and Zanna (1987–88) showed that attitude similarity could predict how people evaluate their respect for each other, and also predict social and intellectual first impressions – the former by activity preference similarity and the latter by value-based attitude similarity. The data showed that there is a greater effect on political and religious attitudes than on personality traits. [44] However, exposure does not always increase attraction. In summary, active assortment plays a large role, whereas convergence has little evidence on showing such effect. When we are near other people, either physically or psychologically, then we naturally form a kinship with that person.

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