[39] Nationalistic Iranians were angered by the tens of thousand of skilled foreign workers who came to Iran, many of them to help operate the already unpopular and expensive American high-tech military equipment that the Shah had spent hundreds of millions of dollars on. Contingency plans were made at alarming speed by people in Iran and farther afield. The clergy first showed themselves to be a powerful political force in opposition to Iran's monarch with the 1891 Tobacco Protest boycott that effectively destroyed an unpopular concession granted by the shah giving a British company a monopoly over buying and selling Tobacco in Iran. 2481 Words 10 Pages. Another survey on subterranean ducts ends in Persepolis, what were the highlights? Indeed, the imposition of the one-party state seemed to be a move in the wrong direction. [11] Women who resisted his ban on public hijab had their chadors forcibly removed and torn. The Iranian revolutionary Ebrahim Yazdi liked to comment that the real leader of the Islamic Revolution was, in fact, the shah, because only he was able to unite the disparate groups into a single opposition. Few were aware of that diagnosis, instead ascribing the urgency to hubris; regardless, it is certainly true that the shah’s impatience for progress led to a series of politically inept decisions intended to circumvent the last vestiges of constitutional monarchy and place even more power in his own hands. Khomeini, who was in exile in Iraq, worked to unite clerical and secular, liberal and radical opposition under his leadership[32] by avoiding specifics — at least in public — that might divide the factions. WHEBN0017894124 As a consequence, the military was deployed – with the kind of results that often ensue when soldiers are asked to perform a policing role for which they are ill-suited: demonstrations in many cities turned to violence, and a number of protesters were killed. Here, Ali Ansari examines the causes and legacy of the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Kurzman points out that one explanation for the Shah's overthrow - the 40-day (Arba'een) cycle of commemorating deaths of protesters - "came to a halt" on June 17, 1978, a half year before the revolution's culmination. This attempt to weld western and Islamic ideas in the form of an ‘Islamic Republic’ was to prove contentious and unwieldy, but survived largely because of the charismatic Khomeini’s hold over his followers. The article, which attacked Khomeini and described his character in deeply unflattering terms, sparked a series of demonstrations – encounters for which the regime was not ready. The Coalition of Islamic Societies was founded by religious bazaaris[36] (traditional merchants). 87, Iran's Revolution: The Rural Dimension (May, 1980), Middle East Research and Information Project, Inc. (MERIP), Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. And that future did not include the shah – who was to be the last of the monarchs who had ruled this land for some two and a half millennia. A third group, the secular nationalists, found themselves squeezed out in the bloody struggle that was to follow. A revolution is a mass movement that intends to violently transform the old government into a new political system. Having abolished the monarchy through referendum, a new constitution was drafted, marrying elements of the French Fifth Republic with a theocratic structure developed by Khomeini that saw the entire system supervised – and, in practice, dictated – by a supreme ‘religious jurist’: Khomeini. [47][48], The Iranian Revolution had a number of unique and significant characteristics. US president Jimmy Carter, on his way home from a summit in Poland, had called in to spend New Year’s Eve with the shah. Prince Pahlavi (later crowned shah) reigned until the 1979 revolution with one brief interruption. Cleverness and energy of Khomeini's organizers in Iran who outwitted the Shah's security forces and won broad support with their tactical ingenuity — amongst other things, convincing Iranians that the Shah's security was more brutal than it was. have helped shatter the old regime. Request Permissions. A period of "disaffected calm" followed. In a particularly striking passage, he proclaimed to his somewhat bewildered subjects that he had “heard the voice of your revolution”. Policies of the American government, which helped create an image of the Shah as American "puppet" with their high profile and the 1953 subversion of the government on his behalf, but helped trigger the revolution by pressuring the Shah to liberalize, and then finally may have heightened the radicalism of the revolution by failing to read its nature accurately (particularly the goals of Khomeini), or to clearly respond to it. The Iranian Revolution was Islamic revolution that replaced a secular totalitarian monarchy with a religious democracy based on "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists" (''Vilayat-e Faqih). [18] Most importantly, Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially martyrdom, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam,[20] and that Muslims should reject the influence of both capitalism and communism with the slogan "Neither East, nor West - Islamic Republic!" institution. The consequence was a dangerous regress into sycophancy; one courtier later told the shah that, whereas officials were scared of telling his father a lie, they had been scared of telling him the truth. The revolution was in part a conservative backlash against the westernization, modernization and secularization efforts of the Western-backed Shah, and a more popular reaction to social injustice and other shortcomings of the ancien régime. Haltingly, he read out the prepared statement acknowledging his past mistakes. In this, they have been well served by successive US administrations. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The next year the Rastakhiz party was created. Indeed, 1979’s ‘Spring of Freedom’ proved all too brief, and the left succumbed in a bitter and bloody struggle against Islamist forces determined to seize control of the revolution. Based in the urban middle class, this was a section of the population that was fairly secular and wanted the Shah to adhere to the Iranian Constitution of 1906 rather than religious rule. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.          Sexual Content Claims that martyrs of the revolution numbered up to 70,000 were hyperbole; thanks to the shah’s unwillingness to shed the blood of his people, in the year preceding his departure 2,781 deaths were recorded. Overconfidence of the secularists and modernist Muslims, of liberals and leftists, in their power and ability to control the revolution. "Few expected the regime of the Shah, which had international support and a modern army of 400,000, to crumble in the face of unarmed demonstrators within a matter of months. [110]. You have successfully linked your account! The Iran-Iraq War, 1980 to 1988. 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