This slight variation of the original may be particularly effective in short-form mediums such as Twitter threads and live debates. [15] Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance. [46], An alternative approach focuses on the links between this form of castle and what can be termed a feudal mode of society. Collardelle and Mazard, pp.71, 78; Jansen, p.195; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.110.. Liddiard (2005), p.17; Creighton (2005), p.48. "The 'Motte & Bailey': Political Jousting's Deceptive New Medieval Weapon", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motte-and-bailey_fallacy&oldid=981873007, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 October 2020, at 22:36. [26], Regardless of the sequencing, artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth; this work was undertaken by hand, using wooden shovels and hand-barrows, possibly with picks as well in the later periods. It is easy see how this tactic is applicable to nearly any argument one could make. Philosopher Nicholas Shackel, who coined the term, prefers to speak of a motte-and-bailey doctrine instead of a fallacy. Rather one retreats to the insalubrious but defensible, perhaps impregnable, Motte. In this instance, the easily defensible motte would be the idea that what we call knowledge is what is commonly accepted as such, but the prized bailey would be that scientific knowledge is no different from other widely accepted beliefs, the implication being that truth and reality play no role in gaining scientific knowledge. Person B no longer has grounds to critique Person A; Person B leaves the discussion. He accuses postmodernists of withdrawing to their Mottes rather than hoisting their battle axes to fight it out on the Bailey, but he is just as guilty of avoiding a true fight, systematically retreating to his siege engine, or whatever the offensive corollary of the defensive Motte is.
He accuses postmodernists of withdrawing to their Mottes rather than hoisting their battle axes to fight it out on the Bailey, but he is just as guilty of avoiding a true fight, systematically retreating to his siege engine, or whatever the offensive corollary of the defensive Motte is. An argument that relies on this rhetorical ploy–that gets to avoid defending its weakest points, and obscures differences and logical links between different beliefs–is exactly what we need to avoid. [66] The Norman invaders spread up the valleys, using this form of castle to occupy their new territories. The name refers to a quick and repetitious dance step. [17] Wooden structures on mottes could be protected by skins and hides to prevent them being easily set alight during a siege. The softening up is effected by convincing the audience that the dual meaning is somehow an exposition of a profundity. As an organization that prizes pluralism and disagreement — with 4100+ members holding diverse views on most issues — Heterodox Academy almost never takes positions as an organization on current events and controversies. De Colmieu described how the nobles would build "a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a ditch about it as wide and deep as possible. [73] On Zeeland the local lords had a high degree of independence during the 12th and 13th centuries, owing to the wider conflict for power between neighbouring Flanders and Friesland. [18] The bailey would contain a wide number of buildings, including a hall, kitchens, a chapel, barracks, stores, stables, forges or workshops, and was the centre of the castle's economic activity. In the second meaning, which acts as the bailey, "strong" is treated as synonymous with "militaristic." This is because it is one of the central tools of the Critical Social Justice movement. Yet, no one wants to appear to not fully support the troops, so the motte effectively silences them when they should be in the to-and-fro of the bailey.

[106] In Denmark, motte and baileys gave way in the 14th century to a castrum-curia model, where the castle was built with a fortified bailey and a fortified mound, somewhat smaller than the typical motte. [2], The fallacy has been described as an instance of equivocation, more specifically concept-swapping, which is the substitution of one concept for another without the audience realizing. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. A motte-and-bailey castle is a fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. The point is to defend a controversial idea by systematically conflating it with a less easily-assailable one.

One factor was the introduction of stone into castle building. The Motte is the defensible but undesired position to which one retreats when hard pressed. As campuses become more and more philosophically homogeneous, it should be more socially acceptable to point out and criticize argumentative fallacies and spurious reasoning in classrooms, at protests, and even in day-to-day conversation, not less.

[53] Duke William went on to prohibit the building of castles without his consent through the Consuetudines et Justicie, with his legal definition of castles centring on the classic motte-and-bailey features of ditching, banking and palisading. Simpson, Grant G. and Bruce Webster. [4] In medieval sources, the Latin term castellum was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles. [31] Very little skilled labour was required to build motte and bailey castles, which made them very attractive propositions if forced peasant labour was available, as was the case after the Norman invasion of England. If everyone who saw this today donated $5, we would meet our goal for 2021. White Fragility Is Not the Answer.

A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c.450-1200. In some medieval castles, when enemies breached the first line of defense, the inhabitants would retreat from the outer courtyard (the “bailey”) to a tower on top of a mound (called the “motte”) where they could take refuge and shoot arrows at the enemy until the hostile forces gave up. [2][3] Upon retreating to the motte, the arguer can claim that the bailey has not been refuted (because the critic refused to attack the motte)[1] or that the critic is unreasonable (by equating an attack on the bailey with an attack on the motte). When the motte has been accepted (or found impenetrable) by an opponent, the arguer continues to believe (and perhaps promote) the bailey. Finally, when the argument has ended, she will go back to making those same controversial statements—the argumentative bailey, having successfully fended off all attackers. [3] In 2005, Shackel described the reference to medieval castle defense like this:[2]. [32], The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte, as clay soils could support a steeper motte, whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline.

By the 14th century, a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses.

"Twelfth Century Great Towers - The Case for the Defence". (1996) "Norwegian medieval castles: building on the edge of Europe," in, Héricher, Anne-Marie Flambard. Clifford's Tower and the Castles of York. “Hard times create strong men. (1982) "Les mottes castrales et l'évolution des pouvoirs dans le Alpes du Nord. A Motte and Bailey castle is a medieval system of defence in which a stone tower on a mound (the Motte) is surrounded by an area of land (the Bailey) which in turn is encompassed by some sort of a barrier such as a ditch. The motte and bailey tactic is most dangerous when it stands in the way of legitimate, deliberation and debate.

we are obliged to penetrate the discourse, not simply throw bricks at it. [2][4], The motte-and-bailey concept was popularized on the blog Slate Star Codex in 2014.
In fact, the critical game seeks to disrupt and dismantle the liberal game and replace it with its own. The structure goes something like this: First, someone makes a controversial statement from what blogger Ash Navabi calls the “courtyard of ideas.” Then when that statement, the bailey, is attacked, the speaker retreats to the motte, the place of “strict terms and/or rigorous reasoning”—falsely claiming that she was just making an obvious, uncontroversial point, one that could not possibly be challenged by any right-minded individual. The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century, with stone keeps being built on mottes along the Catalonia frontier and several, including Château de Langeais, in Angers. There seems to be an increasing reliance on a number of questionable debate tactics and rhetorical devices designed to silence any opposition. [74] The Zeeland lords had also built terpen mounds, but these gave way to larger werven constructions–effectively mottes–which were later termed bergen. [34] Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches, where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making it more defensive.

[8] Some were also built over older artificial structures, such as Bronze Age barrows. Liddiard (2005), p.19; Brown (1962), p.22. [72] Further along the coast in Friesland, the relatively decentralised, egalitarian society initially discouraged the building of motte and bailey castles, although terpen, raised "dwelling mounds" which lacked towers and were usually lower in height than a typical motte, were created instead. [15] Where available, layers of different sorts of earth, such as clay, gravel and chalk, would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design. [45] The motte-and-bailey castle was certainly effective against assault, although as historian André Debord suggests, the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte-and-bailey castles remains relatively limited. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, the Low Countries and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. For best results, both were necessary. Select from premium Motte And Bailey Castle of the highest quality.

Note that the MAB works only if the motte and the bailey are sufficiently similar (at least superficially) that one can switch between them while pretending that they are equivalent. Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by. That the arguer has been defending the strong position the whole time. Person A claims victory and discreetly reverts to actually supporting [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X]. In the storey above were the dwelling and common living-rooms of the residents in which were the larders, the rooms of the bakers and butlers, and the great chamber in which the lord and his wife slept...In the upper storey of the house were garret rooms...In this storey also the watchmen and the servants appointed to keep the house took their sleep".

A very warm welcome awaits you here at The Motte and Bailey, where our guests can enjoy a relaxed atmosphere, fresh seasonal menu and a variety of drinks.

[93] The Italians came to refer to a range of different castle types as motta, however, and there may not have been as many genuine motte-and-bailey castles in southern Italy as was once thought on the basis of the documentary evidence alone.


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